Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a prominent technology for wastewater treatment due to their excellent removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely implemented in MBR systems owing to their possessing resistance to fouling, chemical d

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their ability to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR performance is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The structure of the module, including the type of membrane mat